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Three Basic Types
Of Insomnia

Transient insomnia
Lasting for a few nights.
Short Term Insomnia
Two or four weeks of poor sleep.
Chronic insomnia
Poor sleep that happens most nights.

Transient and short term insomnia generally occur in people who are temporarily experiencing stress, environmental noise, jet lag, the side effects of a medication, hormonal fluctuations, or are uncomfortable because of an extreme change in temperature in the room or environment. Sleep disturbances are very common in critically ill patients. Sedative and analgesic combinations used to facilitate mechanical ventilation are among the most sleep disruptive drugs. Cardiovascular, gastric protection, antiasthmic, antibiotic, antidepressant and anticonvulsant drugs have also been reported to cause a variety of sleep disorders, temporarily or chronically. Withdrawal reactions to prescribed and to recreational drugs can also trigger sleep disorders.3

"Chronic insomnia is more complex and often results from a combination of factors, including underlying physical or mental disorders. Long term insomnia (lasting more than three weeks) can be a symptom of serious illness, chronic drug or alcohol abuse, too much caffeine, or depression," warns Dr. Alan H. Pressman, DC, Ph.D., CCN, and author of The Complete Idiot's Guide to Alternative Medicine (Alpha Books, Jan. 1999).

Other underlying causes include arthritis, kidney disease, heart failure, asthma, sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, Parkinson's disease, and hyperthyroidism. However, chronic insomnia may also be due to behavioral factors including the misuse of caffeine, alcohol, or other substances. Disrupted sleep/wake cycles may also occur with shift work, or other nighttime activity schedules, and chronic stress. Finally, napping during the afternoon or evening, cigarette smoking before bedtime, and excessive worrying tend to perpetuate insomnia in some people.

Difficulty sleeping at night is only one of the symptoms of a sleep disorder. Daytime symptoms include:

Sleepiness
Impaired concentration
Chronic health problems
Anxiety
Impaired memory
Depressed immune system
Depression
Irritability
Slower reflexes

Most Common Causes of Insomnia

Jet lag
Shift work
Wake-sleep pattern disturbances
Grief
Depression or major depression
Worry
Anxiety or stress
Exhilaration or excitement
Bed or bedroom not conducive to sleep
Nicotine, alcohol, caffeine, food, or stimulants at bedtime
Aging
Excessive sleep during the day
Excessive physical or intellectual stimulation at bedtime
Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism)
Taking a new drug (medication side-effect)
Alcoholism or abrupt cessation of alcohol after long-term use
Inadequate bright-light exposure during waking hours
Abruptly stopping a medication (such as sleeping pills)
Medications or illicit "street drugs" (for example, excessive thyroid replacement hormone, amphetamines, caffeine-containing beverages, cocaine, theophylline derivatives)
Withdrawal of medications (such as sedatives or hypnotics)
Interference with sleep by various diseases, including an enlarged prostate, cystitis, chronic, obstructive pulmonary disorder, (COPD), pain of arthritis, heartburn, and heart or lung problems
Restless leg syndrome

A good night's sleep will provide you with the energy you need to think clearly, achieve your goals, and appreciate those around you.

According to the father of sleep research, Dr. William Dement of Stanford University, we should give sleep as much attention as we give diet and exercise.

Researchers have identified lack of sleep as a cause of serious disorders ranging from depression to diabetes.

Tips to Help You Sleep Soundly All Night Long

Alleviate the stress and fatigue of the day with safe, proven herbs such as passion flower, magnolia, bacopa, and amino acids taurine, and GABA, and melatonin which have been scientifically shown to produce a gentle calming effect on the whole physiology.
Get thyself outside! Researchers found that bright light in the early morning and avoidance of light in the evening promotes a healthy circadian rhythm, whereas bright light in the evening disrupts the sleep cycle. And make sure you sleep with the lights off in your room.
People with stressful lives often take their stress into bed with them and are unable to turn off the mental chatter. Eat dinner earlier, and don't watch an exciting or scary movie before bed (that goes for reading matter as well), and certainly do not smoke, or drink alcohol or caffeine in the evening.
Go to bed earlier. Research shows that the hours of sleep before 2 a.m. are more rejuvenating than all the hours after.
Take a warm bath with soothing lavender oil to help you unwind. 1 Establish a regular bedtime, but don't go to bed if you feel wide awake.
Once in bed, use creative imagery and relaxation techniques to pacify your mind.
Avoid staying in bed for long periods of time while awake, or going to bed because of boredom.
Take your TV or computer out of your bedroom. If not, your brain becomes used to the stimulation and starts to expect it when you are there. This makes it harder for you to fall asleep.
A snack before bedtime helps many people. Foods such as warm milk, turkey, tuna, nuts, bananas, grapefruit, dates and figs are high in the amino acid L-tryptophan, which promotes the production of serotonin, a natural relaxant. Avoid eating heavy meals at least two hours prior to going to sleep.
Exercise early, not in the last two hours before going to bed. Regular exercise has been shown to help people fall asleep faster and benefit from deeper and more restful sleep.
Sex can be a natural sleep inducer for some people.
Avoid emotional upset or stressful situations prior to bedtime.
Relax with an inspirational book, soft music, and a cup of herbal tea.
Talk with your health care provider if you've tried the above and are still having difficulty falling asleep, awaken several times throughout the night, have early morning awakenings or have marked difficulty getting out of bed in the morning.

Good night, sleep tight.

Get the Sleep You Need:
Key Nutrients for Great Sleep
and Optimal Health

Learn how much sleep you really need
Reap the relaxing benefits of natural and gentle sleep aids
See why poor sleep can wreak havoc on your health
Discover why the elderly have more sleep problems than the young
Find out how to prevent jet lag

We've all had the experience of sleeping like a baby and waking up feeling like we could conquer the world. And we've all had the experience of tossing and turning while thoughts bombard our mind, only to wake up feeling like we've just lost a battle. Sure, everyone has a bad night once in a while, but a staggering seventy million Americans have some form of insomnia.1

Whether that translates into once or twice a week, or is a chronic condition, fortunately, there are natural and gentle nutritional supplements that can alleviate stress during the day, so you can stay calm and sleep through the night.

A nation of insomniacs

Although insomnia isn't considered a disease by itself, it may be the result of other illnesses, and it can lead to numerous health problems. Lack of sleep may result in reduced energy levels, lack of motivation, slower reflexes, irritability, disorientation, dark circles under the eyes, and fatigue, as most of us know. After a while, your immune system suffers, too. The number of natural cells that fight viruses and cancers decline, and the body's hormonal system can get out of balance.

On the other hand, a good night's sleep will provide you with the energy you need to think clearly, achieve your goals, and appreciate those around you. Basically, the difference between sleeping well and poorly is the difference between feeling your're on top of things, and feeling like you woke up on the wrong side of the bed. That "out of sorts" feeling can manifest into other health concerns if it becomes chronic, because disrupting the body's repair processes increases our chances of illness and even death.2

Sleeplessness is expensive

As many as 10% of Americans have a chronic sleep problem that interferes with their daily responsibilities.3 In fact, every year 98 million dollars are spent on over-the-counter sleeping aids, with 1 out of every 4 Americans relying on them. Another 50 million dollars are spent on caffeine tablets to stay awake during the day. Without enough sleep, the brain can't concentrate because it is concentrating on sleeping as soon as possible … which translates into lack of focus and productivity at work. The National Sleep Foundation estimates sleeplessness costs the U.S. economy $150 billion a year in higher levels of worker stress and reduced productivity. That adds up to a lot of money and a lot of miserable people.

The sleep cycle

Stage 1	Stage 2	Stage 3	Stage 4	Stage 5
4-5%	45-55%	4-6%	12-15%	20-25%
Light sleep. Muscle activity slows down. Occasional muscle twitching.	Breathing pattern and heart rate slows. Slight decrease in body temperature.	Deep sleep begins. Brain begins to generate slow delta waves.	Very Deep Sleep. Rhythmic breathing. Limited muscle activity. Brain produces delta waves.	Rapid eye movement. Brainwaves speed up and dreaming occurs. Muscles relax and heart rate increases. Breathing is rapid and shallow.

Our sleep/wake cycle is governed by circadian rhythms, with two daily peak times for sleeping, night and midday. As the sun goes down in the late afternoon, the cells in the retina of the eye send a message to a cluster of nerve cells called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SNA or circadian clock), which is located in the hypothalamus deep in the center of the brain. The SNA then signals the pineal gland located in the hypothalamus to produce the hormone melatonin, which is manufactured from the amino acid tryptophan.

Nutritional supplements for healthy sleep and relaxation

Several herbs and nutrients are especially helpful for re-establishing a natural sleeping rhythm. And even if you don't have a sleeping problem but are anticipating jet lag from a trip that takes you to a different time zone, or are shifting your work schedule from daytime to a graveyard shift, you can also benefit from these nutrients. Also, a number of these nutrients pacify nervousness and alleviate stress, which add up and contribute to disrupted sleep rhythms

1) Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland, which sits in the hypothalamus, in the center of the brain, and is a chemical derivative of serotonin, a brain neurotransmitter that has a calming effect. Melatonin sets biological clocks, stimulates the immune system, fights free radicals, inhibits tumor promoters such as estrogen, and even reduces high blood pressure. But it is best known as the master regulator hormone that sets the body's clock and induces sleep.

When the sun goes down and it gets dark, the pineal gland secretes melatonin, which makes us feel less alert. Body temperature starts to fall and ideally, when enough melatonin floods the bloodstream, we fall asleep and stay asleep all night. Melatonin levels drop quickly as the sun rises.

Melatonin levels peak at about 2 a.m. in normal, healthy young people and about 3 a.m. in elderly people. The maximum amount of melatonin released in the bloodstream of the elderly is only half of that in young adults.4 The delay in timing and decrease in intensity of the melatonin pulse is a natural result of the aging process, and in fact, low production of melatonin at night is associated with insomnia in patients aged 55 years or older. The good news is these patients have been identified as being more likely to respond to melatonin supplementation.5

The melatonin pulse regulates many neuroendocrine functions. It is itself regulated by exposure to daylight, which inhibits it, and darkness, which stimulates its secretion. Sleep and the immune system work hand in hand. During sleep, melatonin turns on the immune system to make antibodies and destroy cancer cells.6

When the timing or intensity of the melatonin peak is disrupted—as in aging, stress, jet lag, or artificial jet lag syndromes—many physiological and mental functions are adversely affected. The ability to think clearly, remember key facts, and make sound decisions can be profoundly hampered by these upsets in the biological clock.5

Melatonin for Jet Lag

Jet lag is a condition caused by de-synchronization of the biological clock. It is usually caused by drastically changing your sleep-wake cycle, as when crossing several time zones during east-west travel, or when performing shift work. Jet lag is characterized by fatigue, early awakening or insomnia, headache, fuzzy thinking, irritability, constipation, reduced immunity, and inability to concentrate. The symptoms are generally worse when flying in an easterly direction, and it may take as long as one day for each time zone crossed to fully recover. Older people have an even tougher time adjusting to these changes than younger people.5

Circadian disturbances can easily result from conditions other than jet travel. We call these "artificial jet lag syndromes" because jet lag is universally understood. Artificial jet lag can be induced by working night shifts, working rotating shifts (like physician-interns, management trainees for 24-hour businesses, and soldiers under battle-alert conditions), or by staying up all night to cram for an exam. Whatever its causes, jet lag and artificial jet lag syndromes are seriously debilitating to cognitive function.5

But if you take melatonin in the evening (in the new time zone!) it will rapidly reset your biological clock and almost totally alleviate—or prevent—the symptoms of jet lag. The ability of melatonin to alleviate jet lag was demonstrated in a study of 17 people flying from San Francisco to London, eight time zones away. Eight of the subjects took 5 mg of melatonin, while nine subjects took a placebo. Those who took melatonin had almost no symptoms of jet lag. Six out of nine placebo subjects scored above 50 on the jet lag scale, and all of the melatonin subjects scored below.7

Most people sleep well with melatonin, and wake up the next day refreshed with no symptoms of jet lag8 —although they may still have some fatigue from the wear and tear of traveling. A study in which melatonin was given to a man who had insufficient production of melatonin at night, clearly demonstrated that he reset his circadian rhythms so that he was able to get on a normal sleep cycle.9

Melatonin and electromagnetic fields

Every day we're exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from our computers, TVs, refrigerators, microwaves, and a million other electrical appliances. And studies show that melatonin production can be disturbed by EMFs. Exposure to electromagnetic fields from appliances and from powerlines may be even more significant than we think. There are reports of altered neural function from exposure to extremely low frequency fields (ELF), as found near high-voltage powerlines, including suppressed melatonin levels.10 Supplemental melatonin may help to overcome the negative health consequences of being exposed to these fields.

Supplementation with melatonin

People who use melatonin report that it helps them get to sleep and sleep more soundly. It also makes them more alert the next day and even lessens mid-afternoon tiredness and the need for naps. In all cases, melatonin should be taken at night, preferably before midnight, before going to bed. That's when your pineal gland naturally releases melatonin. Taking melatonin at night, or before your normal bedtime if you are a shift worker, helps restore and maintain normal circadian metabolic rhythms.

2) Magnolia Extract (Magnolia officinalis) from the Magnolia tree contains potent antioxidants, and is a powerful non-addictive antidepressant that alleviates stress and anxiety, without the tranquilizing side effects of drugs. When we suffer from stress, anxiety, or depression, it's common to have trouble falling asleep, and staying asleep. In fact, insomnia is strongly connected with clinical depression and may even be depression's first recognizable symptom. Magnolia extract takes the edge off, and improves quality of life … without the risk of side effects you might get from a pharmaceutical antidepressant. Dozens of animal studies have shown that it acts as a non-addictive, anxiolytic (anti-anxiety and anti-stress) agent at low doses.11,12

3) Passion Flower Extract (Passiflora incarnata) was used by Native American Indians as a sedative and sleep aid. Today, it is revered by herbalists the world over for its sedative and tranquilizing abilities and is approved by the German Commission E in the treatment of insomnia and nervousness. In addition to passion flower's traditional use for depression and nervous disorders—including gastrointestinal complaints of nervous origin—it is also used to relieve tension headaches, muscle aches and spasms, pain, hyperactivity, insomnia, epilepsy, to alleviate anger, and help lower blood pressure. Although it is a central nervous system depressant, it does not leave people feeling groggy or drugged. Many herbalists recommend passion flower for treating Parkinson's disease because of its antispasmodic compounds.13 Passion flower can also be very effective in relieving nerve pain such as neuralgia and shingles (a viral infection of the nerve endings). It may be used in asthma where there is much spasmodic activity, especially when there is associated tension.13

4) GABA (Gamma Amino-Butyric Acid) an amino acid, is the main inhibitory (calming) neurotransmitter in the brain. Its function is to decrease neuron activity and inhibit nerve cells from over-firing. Too much activity can lead to restlessness and insomnia, but GABA inhibits the number of nerve cells that fire in the brain, and helps to induce sleep, uplift mood, and reduce anxiety. 14,15

Normally, our brain produces all the GABA we need. But our GABA levels may become depleted from poor diet, illness or exposure to environmental toxins, and a defiency can result in insomnia16, anxiety, irritability, and depression. GABA supplementation appears to promote sleep and relaxation, alleviate stress, and elevate mood.

5) Taurine is an amino acid, and potent antioxidant. Found in the nervous system and muscles, taurine supports brain neurotransmitters, including melatonin and GABA, and helps regulate their release into the brain. It also regulates heartbeat; maintains the stability of cell membranes; regulates the transport of potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium in and out of cells; and regulates the activity of brain cells. Low amounts of taurine may cause anxiety, epilepsy, hyperactivity and poor brain function. On the other hand, sufficient taurine levels are believed to contribute to a feeling of calmness, essential to restful sleep.17,18,19

6) Bacopa monniera—named Brahmi in the Ayurvedic texts, probably for Lord Brahma, the Hindu creator of the world and originator of Ayurveda—is recognized as a powerful brain enhancer.20 It is still considered to be the greatest herb in Ayurveda for treating age-related mental decline, as well as for improving cognitive processes, including comprehension, memory and recall. It also enhances the crucial coordination of these three aspects of mental functioning, and helps increase one's ability to solve problems.

For 4 weeks, 35 patients were treated for anxiety neurosis. After treatment they were assessed for clinical anxiety levels, maladjustment levels, mental fatigue rate, and immediate memory span. The patients who took bacopa had a 20% reduction in anxiety levels. Their maladjustment and mental fatigue were significantly lower than before treatment, and their immediate memory-span scores were significantly increased.

In other words, bacopa improved memory and productivity by reducing anxiety and related problems.21 A number of compounds have been identified in bacopa, including bacosides A and B, two chemicals that improve the transmission of impulses between nerve cells in the brain.22 These bacosides regenerate synapses and repair damaged neurons, making it easier to learn and remember new information. Bacopa also increases serotonin levels, a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep and relaxation.

How much sleep do you really need?

That answer varies from individual to individual. What we do know is sleep is as important as food and air, and both the quantity and quality we get are also extremely important. Six and one-half to seven hours of uninterrupted sleep seem to be the magic number for a lot of people. Interestingly, research shows that sleeping more than eight hours may have deleterious effects, although the reasons for this are less clear. According to data from the Cancer Prevention Study II, individuals who average seven hours of sleep each night have a lower mortality rate than do those who sleep eight hours or more.23

"The lowest [mortality] group actually slept between six and one-half to seven and one-half hours," said Daniel F. Kripke, MD, a Professor of Psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego. "The major mortality risk associated with habitual sleep duration is among long sleepers, by which I mean those sleeping eight hours or more. In-cidentally, calling them long sleepers is accurate, because from the new data we know that the average American on weekdays sleeps about six and one-half hours."

Specifically, he said, individuals who slept eight hours per night were 12% more likely to die within six years than were those who slept seven hours. The highest mortality rates occurred among men and women who slept more than eight and one-half hours. This group had at least a 15% increased risk of death, said Dr. Kripke. As for short sleep, men who slept less than four and one-half hours and women who slept less than three and one-half hours also had at least a 15% increased risk of death. Dr. Kripke presented his findings at the 16th Annual Meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies.24

Conclusion

Many of us are under constant pressure—at work, home, and even at play—and instead of dealing with periodic episodes of stress, we are now dealing with stress syndrome. But stress is much more than a modern-day inconvenience. It is a serious hazard that can lead to anxiety, depression, life-threatening diseases … and lack of sleep. The problem is, if you're not getting enough of it, sleeplessness can drain your energy, compromise your immunity, and—like stress—increase your risk of other diseases. The main thing is to try to be consistent. Get into a routine, and try to go to bed at the same time every night. Start to wind down a couple of hours before bedtime, and take a sleep formula with time-tested, scientifically proven herbs and nutrients to help you relax and sleep through the night. Before you know it, you'll be sleeping like a baby… and will feel revitalized and ready to face the challenges of your world.

See These Articles of Interest From
Smart Publications Health & Wellness Update

Why is Serotonin So Important?

Do You Have A Serotonin Deficiency Syndrome?

References:

Tsoi, W.F. "Insomnia: Drug Treatment." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 20 no.2 (Mar,1991): 269-272.
Abstract
Sterling, Marilyn. "Getting the Most from Your Sleep." Veggie Life, Nov. 1997.
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Bourne RS, Mills GH. Sleep disruption in critically ill patients - pharmacological considerations. Anaesthesia. 2004 Apr;59(4):374-84.
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Dean W, Morgenthaler J, Fowkes, SW. Smart Drugs II. Smart Publications, 1993, 2000. Petaluma, CA.
Lissoni P, Barni S, Crispino S, Tancini G and Fraschini F. Endocrine and immune effects of melatonin therapy in metastatic cancer patients. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol (United Kingdom) 1989: 25(5): 789-95.
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Leger D, Laudon M, Zisapel N. Nocturnal 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion in insomnia and its relation to the response to melatonin replacement therapy. Am J Med. 2004 Jan 15;116(2):91-5.
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Arendt J, Aldhous M and Marks V. Alleviation of jet-lag by melatonin: Preliminary results of controlled double-blind trial. Brit Med J. 1986: 292: 1170.
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Nakamura K, Hashimoto S, Honma S, Honma K. Daily melatonin intake resets circadian rhythms of a sighted man with non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome who lacks the nocturnal melatonin rise. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1997 Jun;51(3):121-7.
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Lovely RH. Recent studies in the behavioral toxicology of ELF electric and magnetic fields. Prog Clin Biol Res 1988: 257: 327-47.
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Kuribara H, Kishi E, Hattori N, Okada M, Maruyama Y. The anxiolytic effect of two oriental herbal drugs in Japan attributed to honokiol from magnolia bark. J Pharm Pharmacol 2000 Nov;52(11):1425-9.
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Maruyama Y, Kuribara H, Morita M, Yuzurihara M, Weintraub ST. Identification of magnolol and honokiol as anxiolytic agents in extracts of saiboku-to, an oriental herbal medicine. J Nat Prod 1998 Jan;61(1):135-8.
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Hoffman, David, The Herbal Handbook: A User's Guide to Medical Herbalism, Healing Arts, April 1998.
Jha SK, Yadav V, Mallick BN.GABA-A receptors in mPOAH simultaneously regulate sleep and body temperature in freely moving rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2001 Sep;70(1):115-21.
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Gobaille S, Schleef C, Hechler V, Viry S, Aunis D, Maitre M Gamma-hydroxybutyrate increases tryptophan availability and potentiates serotonin turnover in rat brain. Life Sci. 2002 Mar 22;70(18):2101-12.
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Wang SX, Li QS. Effects of sleep deprivation on gamma-amino-butyric acid and glutamate contents in rat brain. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 2002 Oct;22(10):888-90.
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Birdsall T. Therapeutic applications of taurine. Alt Med Rev 1998;3(2):128-136.
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Haas E. Staying Healthy with Nutrition: The Complete Guide to Diet and Nutritional Medicine. Berkeley, CA: Celestial Arts, 1992.
Wright J, Gaby A. The Patient's Book of Natural Healing. Rocklin, CA: Prima Health, 1999.
Singh HK, Dhawan BN. Neuropsycho-pharmacological effects of the Ayurvedic nootropic Bacopa monniera Linn. (Brahmi). Indian J Pharmacol 1997;29(5):S359-65.
Singh RH, Singh L. Studies on the anti-anxiety effect of the medyha rasayana drug, Brahmi (Bacopa monniera Wettst). Part 1. J Res Ayur Siddha 1980;1:133-48.
Rastogi S, Pal R, Kulshreshtha DK. Bacoside A3 - a triterpenoid saponin from Bacopa monniera. Phytochemistry 1994 May;36(1):133-7.
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Kripke DF, Garfinkel L, Wingard DL, et al. Mortality associated with sleep duration and insomnia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:131-136.
Abstract
http://www.neurologyreviews.com/
nov02/nr_nov02_ toomuchsleep.html

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Get the Sleep You Need: Key Nutrients for Great Sleep and Optimal Health