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Rats treated with deprenyl lived up to 40% longer than the control rats!
Professor Knoll ... believed that nearly everyone over the age of 45 should take deprenyl as a preventative against aging.

One of the most significant benefits is its libido promoting aphrodisiac effects, in both men and women.
Editors note:
Deprenyl can be obtained without a prescription by mail order.

See Ordering Pharmaceuticals from Overseas.

Deprenyl Citrate Liquid
Smart Drug and Antiaging Supplement


by Ward Dean, M.D. January 1999

Deprenyl was developed by Professor Josef Knoll of Semmelweiss University in Hungry in the early 1960's as a "psychic energizer" and antidepressant (Knoll, et al, 1965).

It was later found that when deprenyl was administered in conjunction with other agents for Parkinson's disease, it significantly improved the results (Birkmayer, et al, 1977).

Parkinson's is a debilitating illness, characterized by progressive dementia, unsteady gait, and tremor, ultimately resulting in death. Parkinson's is thought to be caused by a loss of dopamine producing nerve cells in a portion of the brain called the substantia nigra, resulting in a deficiency of the stimulatory neurotransmitter, dopamine.

Deprenyl LiquidPrior to age 45, dopamine levels remain fairly stable. Starting at about age 45, average dopamine content in healthy individuals decreases linearly, about 13% per decade. When the dopamine content in the brain reaches about 30% of normal, Parkinson's symptoms may begin. When levels reach 10% of normal, death ensues. Some neuroscientists have said that if we lived long enough, we would all get Parkinson's disease.

Deprenyl - antiaging supplement

Deprenyl was for many years a relatively obscure drug, used only in Europe and Latin America for its officially approved indication as an adjunctive treatment for Parkinson's disease. Then a bombshell article appeared in a highly specialized, extremely limited circulation professional journal (Knoll, 1988). In this article, Professor Knoll reported the results of longevity experiments on rats that had been treated with deprenyl. In his studies, professor Knoll found that the rats treated with deprenyl lived up to 40% longer than the control rats!

Furthermore, in subsequent interviews, Professor Knoll revealed that he believed so strongly in the potential life extending benefits of deprenyl, that he himself took two 5mg deprenyl tablets each week, and believed that nearly everyone over the age of 45 should take deprenyl as a preventative against aging.

With a few exceptions, most subsequent studies by Knoll and others confirmed the longevity enhancing effects of deprenyl, even though none of the more recent studies produced results as dramatic as Knoll's original report (Kitani, et al, 1993; Milgram, et al, 1990; Ruehl, et al, 1994).

In addition to its potential as a life-extending drug, deprenyl also appears to have a number of other beneficial effects. One of the most significant is its libido promoting/ aphrodisiac effects, in both men and women.

Knoll and colleagues (1983) first reported indications for its potential in this area. Knoll reported in boring, scientific terms on the increased "mounting frequency" and "intromission" of old male rats when treated with deprenyl, which contrasted dramatically with the untreated controls.

Anecdotal reports from many of my patients regarding their own "increased mounting frequency" seem to confirm Knoll's findings about aphrodisiac effects.

Unlike Knoll's findings, which were strictly limited to males, I've also received a number of anecdotal reports from women which appears to confirm that deprenyl is an "equal opportunity enhancer."

It was originally proposed by Knoll (1978) that the mechanism of action of deprenyl was strictly due to it being an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). MAO is a neurotransmitter that is responsible for metabolizing used neurotransmitters so that they can be excreted. MAO levels tend to rise with age, causing a resultant decrease in monoamine neurotransmitters (like dopamine). MAO inhibition can correct for this age-related decrease in neurotransmitters.

There are now known to be two types of MAO-A and B. Deprenyl was the first selective MAO-B inhibitor to be described in the literature, and it has become the standard.

Recent research indicates that deprenyl may possess a number of unique properties which are not related to its MAO-B inhibition activity (Berry, et al, 1994).

Deprenyl has also been found to protect neurons from toxic substances, induce the anti-oxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and act as an anti-oxidant itself (Kitania, et al, 1994). Although Parkinson's disease remains the only FDA approved indication for deprenyl in the USA, with a number of ongoing clinical studies evaluating its efficacy in Alzheimer's disease, anecdotal reports from both physicians and patients of dramatic improvement in an impressive number of diseases have been piling up.
  • Cancer

  • Cerebral Infarction (Stroke)

  • Hormone Inadequacy (DHEA, HGH)

  • Amyotrophic Laterlizing Sclerosis (Lou Gherig's Disease)

  • Fatigue

  • Chronic Pain

  • Gastric Ulcers

  • Senile Dementia

  • Sexual Dysfunction

  • Multiple Sclerosis

  • Learning Difficulties

  • Blepharospasm

  • Hypertension

  • Depression
Dr. Clyde Reynolds, a brilliant clinician who specializes in the metabolic therapy of cancer in Washington State, discovered that cancer patients invariably have imbalances of the neurotransmitters epinephrine, norepinephrine and serotonin. Dr. Reynolds has found that deprenyl is highly effective in restoring the normal levels and normal balance of these neurotransmitters. He believes that normalization of the balance of these neurotransmitters is an absolute necessity for the effective treatment of all cancers.

In addition to Reynold's report about normalization of brain neurotransmitter balance, are a considerable number of anecdotal reports from patients and physicians of the ability of deprenyl to increase levels of DHEA.

As stated previously, Professor Knoll is a man who "practices what he preaches" and reportedly takes two 5mg deprenyl tablets per week. We (Dean, Fowkes and Morgenthaler) recommend the following age adjusted titrated dosage schedule in our book, Smart Drugs II.

AgeDosage
30-351mg twice a week
35-401mg every other day
40-451mg every day
45-502mg every day
50-553mg every day
55-604mg every day
60-655mg every day
65-706mg every day
70-758mg every day
75-809mg every day
80 plus10mg every day


Kitani and his colleagues (1996), found that the optimum dosage of deprenyl, which caused the greatest upregulation (increase) of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) in the brain in long term studies, was 5 or 10 times lower than what was thought to be the optimal dose in relatively short-term studies (3 weeks).

Unfortunately, by the time the results were calculated which showed the greater efficacy of reduced dosages of deprenyl in long-term studies, Kitani's group had already nearly completed another study using the much higher dose calculated from the short-term studies.

Contrary to the researcher's expectations, the deprenyl treated animals (given the high dose of deprenyl based on the short-term studies), lived shorter lives than did the controls!

Kitani's group is now repeating the study using the much lower deprenyl dose that was determined to be most effective from the long-term studies. Their work in progress appears to confirm that this lower dosage will result in life extension benefits for the deprenyl treated animals.

Consequently, in view of the results of Kitani and colleagues, I recommend that my life extension patients consider the recommended dosages above as "starting dosages," and that they consider reducing their dosages somewhat after several months.

Kitani also concluded, "the proper choice of the dosage in long term experiments appears to be the key factor." [Their studies showed]... greater efficacy of reduced dosages of deprenyl in long-term studies.

Deprenyl hydrochloride is the prescription form that is most widely prescribed by the orthodox physicians. However, I prefer the deprenyl citrate form, developed by Discovery Experimental and Development Inc., for a number of reasons.

First, the Discovery product is bound to an organic anion (citrate) rather than an inorganic anion (chloride).

Second, the Discovery product is in a liquid form, with one mg of deprenyl per drop. This makes dosage titration much more exact. I believe that in view of Kitani's findings concerning the importance of reducing the dosage for chronic use, that most people will find the liquid form much more convenient to precisely adjust their dosages.

Third, I have found that the Discovery product is much more effective, and causes fewer adverse side effects, than the prescription form.

My fourth reason for recommending the Discovery product is more ethical than scientific but is for me, perhaps, the most compelling reason.

Discovery is a small FDA approved pharmaceutical company located in Wesley Chapel, Florida. The company mission is to develop drugs for anti-aging purposes and for life threatening or debilitating diseases, for which there currently is no effective standard therapy.

Discovery developed what they believed to be a superior form of deprenyl. They then licensed a company in Mexico to manufacture it and make it available. On May 12 1993, the small staff of the Florida pharmaceutical company were terrified as a gang of black clad, machine gun wielding terrorists smashed in the doors of the laboratory, and, at gun point, stole their computers, records, products and proprietary manufacturing techniques.

According to Discovery, these terrorists were later determined to be agents of the IRS, Post Office, US Customs, Pasco County Sheriff, Human Resources Service (the FDA's Florida state lap dog agency), the Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE), FDA and even, perhaps, the DEA and FBI. And, subsequent investigation by Discovery's attorneys revealed that this co-ordinated, multi-jurisdictional task force was instigated by a major pharmaceutical company.

Discovery is now in the process of suing both the agencies and the agents in their official and individual capacities for gross violations of the Constitutionally guaranteed rights of Discovery and its employees.

In an obvious attempt at intimidation, I later had the dubious honor of being subpoenaed by the attorneys for the major pharmaceutical company, because of my response to a threatening letter that they sent me, warning me to stop recommending the use of Discovery's product.

I also had the pleasure of throwing two agents of the HRS off my property, when they stopped by to question me about Discovery Experimental. Because of the strong-arm tactics used, I advised all concerned that I will prescribe only Discovery liquid deprenyl citrate.

References:

  1. Berry MD, Juorio AV, Paterson IA. Possible mechanisms of action of (-) deprenyl and other MAO-B inhibitors in some neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Prog Neurobiol, 1994, 44; 141-161.

  2. Birkmayer W, Riederer P, Ambrozi L, Yine, Poudim MBH. Implications of combined treatment with Madopar and deprenyl in Parkinson's disease. Lancet 1977, I 439-444.

  3. Dean W, Morgenthaler J, Fowkes S. Smart Drugs II, 1993, Smart Publications, Petaluma CA 94955.

  4. Kitani KS, Kanai S, Sato Y, Ohta M, Ivy GO and C. Chronic treatmen of (-) deprenyl prolongs the life span of male Fischer 344 rats; Further evidence. Life Sci, 1993; 52 281-288.

  5. Knoll J. The possible mechanism of action of (-) deprenyl in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transmission, 1978, 43: 239-244.

  6. Knoll J. The striatal dopamine dependency of life span in male rats. Longevity study with (-) deprenyl. Mechanisms of aging and development. 1988, 46 (1-3); 237-262.

  7. Knoll J, Ecsery Z, Kelemen K, Nievel J and Knoll B. Phenylisopropylmeth-ylpropinylamine (E-250), a new psychic energizer. Arch Int Pharmacodyn. Ther 1965; 155; 154-164.

  8. Knoll J, Yen TT and Dallo J. Long lasting true aphrodisiac effect of (-) deprenyl in sluggish old male rats. Mod Prob Pharmacopsyychiat, 1983, 138-153.

  9. Milgram NW, Racine RJ, Nellis P, Mendonca A and Ivy GO. Maintenance of L-deprenyl prolongs life in aged male rats. Life Sci 1990, 47; 415-420.

  10. Ruehl WW, Bice E, Muggenburg B, Bruyette and Stevens DR. L-deprenyl and caine longevity. Evidence for an immune mechanism and implications for human aging. 2nd conference on anti-aging medicine, Las Vegas NV '94 abstract pp 25-26.

  11. Kitani KS, Kanai S, Sato Y, Ohta M, Ivy GO and C. Upregulation of antioxidant enzyme activities by deprenyl in: pharmacological intervention in aging and age related disorders, Annals NY Acad Sci, Vol 786, New York 1996 pp 391-409.
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